據1月19日Rigzone報道，在努力恢復石油生產這個過程中，歐佩克及其盟友的剩余供應量越來越少，這可能為原油價格帶來一個炎熱的夏天。

從尼日利亞到俄羅斯，投資低迷和內部動蕩使聯盟成員國步履蹣跚，滿足世界燃料消費強勁復蘇的任務落到了少數中東產油國身上。隨著產量提高，為應對緊急中斷而保留的未開發供應將變得越來越不穩定。

摩根士丹利石油策略師Martijn Rats表示，“石油市場似乎正在進入一個安全系數很小的時期，價格將需要上升到需求受到一定削弱的水平”。

7月份假日出行季節將推動全球燃料使用量超過每天1億桶，世界儲備能力將幾乎完全由沙特阿拉伯、阿拉伯聯合酋長國和伊拉克持有，并且可能只有230萬/天，這是自2018年以來最低水平。

雖然這種關系不是絕對的，但閑置產能低的時期往往與價格上漲相關，反之亦然，因為交易商要么對危機發生時的可用供應增加了信心，要么感到焦慮。2008年原油飆升至每桶近150美元歷史高點，當時石油儲備量變得非常低。

這使得歐佩克及其合作伙伴的艱難處境成為石油消費國令人擔憂的前景。由于全球燃料需求經受住了奧密克戎沖擊，國際原油價格已經處于每桶85美元以上的七年高位。

這助長了通貨膨脹壓力，給數百萬人帶來生活成本危機，危及全球經濟復蘇。美國國家安全委員會(National Security Council)發言人埃米莉·霍恩(Emily Horne)在一份聲明中表示，白宮正在密切關注這一情況，并與包括歐佩克+成員國在內的產油國合作，確保供應增長以滿足需求。

如果國際能源署的預測被證明是正確的，即美國、巴西和加拿大將在今年晚些時候恢復創紀錄產油量，那么這種危機就會消退。

歐佩克+正在逐步恢復疫情期間停止的大量供應，每月逐步恢復40萬桶/天。但事實上，由于安哥拉和尼日利亞等國面臨支出減少和運營中斷的問題，新增石油產量要少得多。

阿曼石油部長穆罕默德·魯米1月12日在利雅得接受采訪時表示，"這并不容易，因為存在產能問題。過去五年，對該行業的投資有限，我們現在正為此付出代價”。

12月，協議中的10個歐佩克國家只完成了規定的25萬桶/天增產量的60%。這場危機延伸到了整個歐佩克+聯盟，甚至該集團的第二大生產國俄羅斯也未能在12月增加產量，預計該國今后只能實現其配額產量的一半。

高盛集團(Goldman Sachs Group Inc.)大宗商品研究主管杰夫·柯里（Jeff Currie）表示，"由于缺乏投資，俄羅斯現在甚至無法達到歐佩克+目標。目前只有兩個國家的產量，可以超過2020年1月產量，即沙特阿拉伯和阿聯酋" 。

減產的不僅是歐佩克+，根據總部設在巴黎的國際能源署數據顯示，由于油價下滑，2020年對新供應的投資暴跌了30%。美國頁巖油生產商繼續限制鉆井開支，同時在多年資金消耗后還向股東歸還資本。

隨著中東重量級生產商負擔加重，為在供應中斷情況下提供緩沖而保留的閑置產能將被耗盡。這可能會使全球市場暴露在斷供危險中，斷供仍然是一個無法消除的威脅。

根據彭博社計算，到7月份，當美國駕車者上路度假，波斯灣出口商在家里燒更多燃料時，歐佩克+持有的閑置生產能力可能已經減少到每天只有230萬桶。根據國際能源署數據，產能最后一次接近這種水平是在2018年第四季度。

如果歐佩克+繼續按照目前的速度供能，隨著該集團恢復剩余的閑置供應，下半年緩沖供應將變得更少。

美國銀行(Bank of America)大宗商品和衍生品研究全球主管弗朗西斯科?布蘭奇(Francisco Blanch) 表示，“隨著需求恢復，2022年將是供應緊張的一年”。

王佳晶 摘譯自 Rigzone

原文如下：

Oil Prices Potentially Set Up for Sizzling Summer

As they strain to restore oil production, OPEC and its allies are being left with a diminishing buffer of spare supplies -- potentially setting up crude prices for a sizzling summer.

With depressed investment and internal unrest hobbling coalition members from Nigeria to Russia, the task of satisfying the vigorous recovery in world fuel consumption is down to just a few Middle Eastern producers. As they raise production, the buffer of untapped supplies held back to cover any emergency disruptions will grow ever-more precarious.

“The oil market appears to be heading for a period with little margin of safety,” said Martijn Rats, oil strategist at Morgan Stanley. “Prices will need to rise to levels where some demand erosion takes place.”

By the time the holiday driving season propels global fuel use above 100 million barrels a day in July, the world’s reserve capacity will be almost entirely held in Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Iraq, and could amount to just 2.3 million a day -- the lowest since 2018.

While the relationship isn’t absolute, periods of low spare capacity often correlate with rising prices -- and vice versa -- as traders either grow confident or anxious over how much supply would be available in the event of a crisis. Crude’s spike to an all-time high of almost $150 a barrel in 2008 came as reserves became perilously low.

This makes the travails of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and its partners a worrisome prospect for oil-consuming nations. International crude prices are already at a seven-year high above $85 a barrel as global fuel demand withstands the omicron variant of Covid-19.

That’s feeding into the inflationary pressure that imperils the global recovery by inflicting a cost-of-living crisis on millions of people. The White House is keeping a close eye on the situation, and is working with oil-producing countries including members of OPEC+ to ensure supply rises to meet demand, National Security Council spokeswoman Emily Horne said in a statement on Tuesday.

The danger could recede if IEA forecasts prove correct that the U.S., Brazil and Canada will return to pump at record levels later this year. 

Missing Targets

Formally, OPEC+ is gradually restoring the vast swathe of production halted during the pandemic in gradual monthly installments of 400,000 barrels a day. But in practice, the volumes added have been significantly smaller as nations like Angola and Nigeria struggle with diminished spending and operational disruptions.

“It’s not easy because there’s a problem of capacity,” Oman’s Oil Minister Mohammed Rumhi said in an interview in Riyadh on Jan. 12. “The last five years the investments have been limited in the industry and we’re paying the price for it now.”

Last month the 10 OPEC nations in the accord managed only 60% of their stipulated 250,000 barrel-a-day increase. The crisis extends across the OPEC+ coalition, with even Russia -- the second-largest producer in the group -- failing to increase output in December. The country is expected to deliver only half its permitted hikes going forward.

“Russia can’t even hit their OPEC+ target right now because of a lack of investment,” Jeff Currie, head of commodities research at Goldman Sachs Group Inc., said in a Bloomberg television interview. “There are only two countries that can produce more today than they could in January 2020. Who are those? Saudi Arabia, the UAE.”

The downturn extends beyond OPEC+. Investment in new supplies tumbled by 30% in 2020 as oil prices slumped, according to the Paris-based International Energy Agency. U.S. shale producers continue to limit spending on drilling while they return capital to shareholders after years of burning through cash.

As the burden intensifies on the Middle East heavyweights, the spare capacity they hold back as a kind of shock absorber in case of a supply disruption becomes depleted. That could leave global markets dangerously exposed to outages, which remain a constant threat.

By July, when U.S. motorists take to the road for vacations and Persian Gulf exporters burn more fuel at home for air conditioning, spare production capacity held by OPEC+ may have diminished to just 2.3 million barrels a day, according to Bloomberg calculations. Capacity was last near such levels in the fourth quarter of 2018, according to the International Energy Agency.

If OPEC+ continues on its current trajectory, the cushion will become even smaller in the second half as the group revives the remainder of its offline supplies.

“It’s going to be a tight 2022 as demand recovers,” Francisco Blanch,  global head of commodities and derivatives research at Bank of America, said in a Bloomberg TV interview.

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